The paper examines private supplementary tutoring (“shadow education”) as a worldwide phenomenon that has grown rapidly, with the market estimated at US$159 billion in 2023 and projected to US$288 billion by 2030. It describes the many forms tutoring takes—one-to-one, small
This report presents diagrams of country education structures based on the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED). UNESCO created ISCED in the 1970s, with important revisions in 1997 and 2011, to categorize national education structures by student age, programme duration
This document draws lessons from the pandemic and compiles policy experiences and practices from countries on diverse approaches to underpin a sustained educational recovery. This document presents 10 principles that can facilitate the collaboration of education authorities, the teaching profession
Literacy in the 21st century is about constructing and validating knowledge. Digital technologies have enabled the spread of all kinds of information, displacing traditional formats of usually more carefully curated information such as encyclopaedias and newspapers. The massive information flow
In 2020, 1.5 billion students in 188 countries/economies were locked out of their schools. Students everywhere have been faced with schools that are open one day and closed the next, causing massive disruption to their learning. With the coronavirus (COVID-19)
School closures due to COVID-19 have left more than a billion students out of school. This paper presents the results of simulations considering three, five and seven months of school closure and different levels of mitigation effectiveness resulting in optimistic,
This paper presents the most expansive and current cross-country dataset on education quality. The database includes 164 countries/territories covering over 98 percent of the global population from 2000–2017. Of these countries,111 are low or middle income economies. Harmonized learning outcomes
This booklet provides insights on how learning assessments can help monitor and improve learning outcomes through interventions related to equity, school violence, learning environment or teacher qualifications. In addition, it shows how learning is associated with particular factors that also
